${\mathrm{D}}^{-}$ production by charge transfer of 0.3-10-keV ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{D}}^0$, and ${\mathrm{D}}^{-}$ in cesium-, rubidium-, and sodium-vapor targets

Equilibrium charge-state fractions for 0.3-10-keV D ions and atoms in cesium-, rubidium-, and sodium-vapor targets are reported. The ${\mathrm{D}}^{-}$ yield from charge transfer in a thick cesium-vapor target exceeds 30 percent at energies below 800 eV. The high ${\mathrm{D}}^{-}$ yield in cesium vapor is consistent with recent calculations of the cross sections ${\sigma }_{0-}$ and ${\sigma }_{-0\mathrm{}}$ at low energies; at energies above 2.5 keV, the ${\mathrm{D}}^{-}$ yield is consistent with our measurements of ${\sigma }_{0-}$ and ${\sigma }_{-0\mathrm{}}$. The ${\mathrm{D}}^{-}$ yield from charge transfer in rubidium vapor is similar to that for cesium vapor. For sodium vapor, however, there is a broad maximum of about 10 percent ${\mathrm{D}}^{-}$ yield at about 3 keV, with slight structure at lower energies, implying structure in one of the charge-transfer cross sections.