Effects of fluoride on bone in Finland: Histomorphometry of cadaver bone from low and high fluoride areas

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Abstract
In three different areas of Finland, fluoride in bone and its effect on the histomorphometry of trabecular bone was studied. Bone samples were taken from cadavers from a low-fluoride area (fluoride concentration under 0.3 ppm), an area with fluoridated drinking water (1.0–1.2 ppm) and a high-fluoride area (over 1.5 ppm). The fluoride content in trabecular bone was greatly increased in the high-fluoride area, and it was also higher in the fluoridated-water area than in the low-fluoride area. Histomorphometric bone changes were markedly increased when the fluoride content in water exceeded 1.5 ppm.