Is the 135S Poliovirus Particle an Intermediate during Cell Entry?

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Abstract
Poliovirus binding to its receptor (PVR) on the cell surface induces a conformational transition which generates an altered particle with a sedimentation value of 135S versus the 160S of the native virion. A number of lines of evidence suggest that the 135S particle is a cell entry intermediate. However, the low infection efficiencies of the 135S particle and the absence of detectable 135S particles during infection at 26°C by the cold-adapted mutants argue against a role for the 135S particle during the cell entry process. We show here that binding of 135S-antibody complexes to the Fc receptor (CDw32) increases the infectivity of these particles by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Thus, the low efficiency of infection by 135S particles is due in part to the low binding affinity of these particles. In addition, we show that there is an additional stage in the entry process that is associated with RNA release. This stage occurs after formation of the 135S particle, is rate limiting during infection at 37°C, but not at 26°C, and is PVR independent. The data also demonstrate that during infection at 26°C, the rate-limiting step is the PVR-mediated conversion of wild-type 160S particles to 135S particles. This suggests that during infection at 26°C by the cold-adapted viruses, 135S particles are formed, but they fail to accumulate to detectable levels because the subsequent post-135S particle events occur at a significantly faster rate than the initial conversion of 160S to 135S particles. These data support a model in which the 135S particle is an intermediate during poliovirus entry.