Validation criteria for panic disorder as a nosological entity

Abstract
Panic disorder (DSM-III, DSM-1I1-R) has been thoroughly studied in recent years. The main evidence for panic disorder as a nosological entity is reviewed, to delineate some important questions for future research. Validation criteria include epidemiological, phenomenological, genetic, neu-robiological, pharmacological and behavioral findings. Biological, behavioral and psychodynamic considerations on etiology, pathogenesis and treatment are presented.