Treatment of nongonococcal urethritis with rifampicin as a means of defining the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum

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Abstract
In a double-blind therapeutic trial on 217 men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), minocycline was more effective than rifampicin. Before treatment, Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 43% of men, U. urealyticum from 59% and Mycoplasma hominis from 22%. Chlamydiae and ureaplasmas were isolated less frequently from men with a recent history of NGU. Minocycline was given to 94 patients, and after treatment chlamydiae were isolated from only 1 of 40 initially chlamydia-positive patients and ureaplasmas from only 5 of 57 initially ureaplasma-positive patients. Although most patients responded clinically, failure and partial recovery, rather than complete recovery were observed more often among those who were infected with ureaplasmas. Rifampicin was given to 123 patients, after which chlamydiae were isolated from only 1 of 53 initially chlamydia-positive men; ureaplasmas, insensitive to the antibiotic in vitro, were isolated from 55 of 68 men who had initially positive results. Patients infected with ureaplasmas failed to respond to rifampicin treatment significantly more often than those who were not infected. This was observed when only patients who had never had NGU or who had not had a recent episode were considered. Of the 55 men whose ureaplasmas persisted, 24 (44%) failed to recover; only 1 (7.7%) of 13 men whose ureaplasmas disappeared did not respond to treatment. Ureaplasmas were a cause of urethritis in some of the men (an estimated 10%). Reiter''s disease developed in 2 men treated with rifampicin from whom only ureaplasmas were isolated initially. M. hominis did not seem to have an important pathogenic role in NGU and there was evidence that ureaplasmas were an unlikely cause of urethritis in some men since the organisms persisted despite complete clinical recovery.