Cleavage development of bovine oocytes fertilized by sperm injection

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Abstract
Whole in vitro capacitated bovine spermatozoa were microinjected directly into the ooplasm of in vitro matured bovine oocytes in order to determine whether oocytes fertilized by sperm injection could undergo normal pronuclear formation and cleavage development. Immature oocytes recovered from follicles (2–5 mm) of unstimulated ovaries were cultured for 24–25 h in modified TCM 199 medium supplemented with heat‐treated day 20 cow serum, luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol 17‐B. In vitro capacitated, frozen‐thawed spermatozoa were injected into the ooplasm, and the injected oocytes were cultured for an additional 24–28 h. Twenty‐one percent (21/101) of the sperm‐injected oocytes contained a sperm within the ooplasm; however, only 2% (2/101) cleaved. The remaining oocytes either did not contain a sperm or had degenerated. After oocyte activation induced by a 5 min incubation in 1 μM A23187, sperm nuclear decondensation occurred in the A23187‐activated, injected oocytes but not in the unactivated, injected controls (37% vs. 0% after 3 h). Those injected, activated oocytes that contained a male pronucleus also exhibited a female pronucleus and second polar body. Furthermore, a significantly higher number (28%, 6/21) of the injected, activated oocytes cleaved to a two‐ to four‐cell stage after 48 h than did the injected, unactivated oocytes (4%). These results indicate that, unlike hamster and rabbit oocytes, bovine oocytes are not sufficiently stimulated by the injection procedure to complete meiosis, but, upon activation by calcium ionophore, they will undergo normal‐appearing cleavage development following fertilization by sperm injection.