Denaturation of the Serum Proteins in Skimmilk Heated by Direct Steam Injection

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Abstract
Denaturation of the serum proteins in skimmilk by direct steam-injection heating was studied. An equation expressing the extent of denaturation as a function of time and temperature was developed. The amount of denaturation which varied from about 10% for the least severe to over 80% for the most severe treatments exhibited a sigmoid relationship to temperature at a given time. There was a lower and upper limit to the percentage that was denatured by steam injection. Steam-injection produced more severe effects at short-time and low-temperature combination than for other heat exchange methods, but less severe effects than other methods at high temperatures. Explanations are based on the inherent difference in the methods of heating.