Review of Sub-Microliter (Nanoliter) Injection Techniques in Liquid Chromatography

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Abstract
In liquid chromatography with “low-dispersion methods”, there is an increasing need to reproducibly inject nanoliter sample volumes. Low-dispersion methods produce very narrow peaks because of short column length, narrow column bore, small particle packing, low particle surface area, open tubular configuration, or combinations of these parameters. This paper reviews methods used for sub-microliter injections for use with these low-dispersion liquid chromatography methods. Some nanoliter injection methods for open-tubular electrophoresis are also described.