The appearance of retinopathy and progression to proliferative retinopathy: the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes

Abstract
We aimed to estimate incidences of any retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) by direct ophthalmoscopy and relate them to baseline risk factors in re-examined diabetic survivors from 10 centres of the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes.