Surface Tailoring for Controlled Protein Adsorption: Effect of Topography at the Nanometer Scale and Chemistry

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Abstract
Protein adsorption behavior is at the heart of many of today's research fields including biotechnology and materials science. With understanding of protein−surface interactions, control over the conformation and orientation of immobilized species may ultimately allow tailor-made surfaces to be generated. In this contribution protein−surface interactions have been examined with particular focus on surface curvature with and without surface chemistry effects. Silica spheres with diameters in the range 15−165 nm with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface chemistries have been used as model substrates. Two proteins differing in size and shape, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine fibrinogen (Fg), have been used in model studies of protein binding with detailed secondary structure analysis being performed using infrared spectroscopy (IR) on surface-bound proteins. Although trends in binding affinity and saturation values were similar for both proteins, albumin is increasingly less ordered on larger substrates, while fibrinogen, in contrast, loses secondary structure to a greater extent when adsorbing onto particles with high surface curvature. These effects are compounded by surface chemistry, with both proteins becoming more denatured on hydrophobic surfaces. Both surface chemistry and topography play key roles in determining the structure of the bound proteins. A model of the binding characteristics of these two proteins onto surfaces having differing curvature and chemistry is presented. We propose that properties of an adsorbed protein layer may be guided through careful consideration of surface structure, allowing the fabrication of materials/surface coatings with tailored bioactivity.