Signalling pathways involved in multisite phosphorylation of the transcription factor ATF‐2

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Abstract
The multisite phosphorylation of the transcription factor ATF‐2 was investigated using transformed embryonic fibroblasts from wild‐type mice and mice deficient in c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNK)1 and 2, and in the presence and absence of inhibitors of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and the classical MAP kinase cascade. In wild‐type cells, p38 MAPK and extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 were not rate limiting for the phosphorylation of Thr69, Thr71 or Ser90. In JNK‐deficient cells, p38 MAPK substituted for JNK partially in the phosphorylation of Thr69 and p38 MAPK or ERK1/2 in the phosphorylation of Thr71. JNK was the only MAP kinase that phosphorylated Ser90 under the conditions examined.