In vivo oxygen tension and temperature: Simultaneous determination using 19F NMR spectroscopy of perfluorocarbon

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Abstract
A novel technique is presented to measure in vivo simulataneously oxygen tension and temperature using 19F NMR spectroscopy of perfluorocarbon. This work examines the variation with oxygen tension (pO2) and temperature of the individual spin lattice relaxation rates (R1) of the 19F resonances of the perfluorocarbon emulsion Oxypherol-ET. A linear relationship between R1 and pO2 is confirmed for all the resonances at any specific temperature in the range 27–50°C. Similarly, a linear relationship is determined between R1 and temperature at any specific pO2 in this temperature range. Each resonance behaves uniquely with respect to temperature and pO2 and consideration of 2 or more resonances uniquely defines pO2 and temperature simultaneously, and unambiguously. This concept is demonstrated in vivo in a murine tumor and perfused rat heart, where pO2 and temperature were both determined without prior knowledge.