Area deprivation, individual factors and low birth weight in England: is there evidence of an "area effect"?

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Abstract
To explore the relationship between low and very low birth weights, mother's age, individual socioeconomic status and area deprivation. Analysis of the incidence of low and very low birth weights by area deprivation, maternal age, social class of household and estimated income. England 1996-2000. 2 894 440 singleton live births and the 10% sample of these births for which parents' individual-level socioeconomic measures were coded. Social class, estimated household income, lone-parenthood and mother's age were all associated with the risk of low and very low birth weight. Even when controlling for these individual level factors, area income deprivation was significantly associated with low and very low birth weight (p40 years in the most deprived areas. For all but very young mothers, there seems to be a negative effect on birth weight from living in areas of income deprivation, whatever their individual circumstances.