Electroinjection of Colloid Particles and Biopolymers into Single Unilamellar Liposomes and Cells for Bioanalytical Applications

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Abstract
A combined electroporation and pressure-driven microinjection method for efficient loading of biopolymers and colloidal particles into single-cell-sized unilamellar liposomes was developed. Single liposomes were positioned between a ∼2-μm tip diameter solute-filled glass micropipet, equipped with a Pt electrode, and a 5-μm-diameter carbon fiber electrode. A transient, 1−10 ms, rectangular waveform dc voltage pulse (10−40 V/cm) was applied between the electrodes, thus focusing the electric field over the liposome. Dielectric membrane breakdown induced by the applied voltage pulse caused the micropipet tip to enter the liposome and a small volume (typically 50−500 × 10-15 L) of fluorescein, YOYO-intercalated T7-phage DNA, 100-nm-diameter unilamellar liposomes, or fluorescent latex spheres could be injected into the intraliposomal compartment. We also demonstrate initiation of a chemical intercalation reaction between T2-phage DNA and YOYO-1 by dual injection into a single giant unilamellar liposome. The method was also successfully applied for loading of single cultured cells.