Spectra ofp,d, andtfrom relativistic nuclear collisions

Inclusive energy spectra of protons, deuterons, and tritons were measured with a telescope of silicon and germanium detectors with a detection range for proton energies up to 200 MeV. Fifteen sets of data were taken using projectiles ranging from protons to ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$ on targets from ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}$ to ${}_{}{}^{238}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$ at bombarding energies from 240 MeV/nucleon to 2.1 GeV/nucleon. Particular attention was paid to the absolute normalization of the cross sections. For three previously reported reactions, He fragment cross sections have been corrected and are presented. To facilitate a comparison with theory the sum of nucleonic charges emitted as protons plus composite particles was estimated and is presented as a function of fragment energy per nucleon in the interval from 15 to 200 MeV/nucleon. For low-energy fragments at forward angles the protons account for only 25% of the nucleonic charges. The equal mass ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$ plus Ca systems were examined in the center of mass. Here at 0.4 GeV/nucleon ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$ plus Ca the proton spectra appear to be nearly isotropic in the center of mass over the region measured. Comparisons of some data with firestreak, cascade, and fluid dynamics models indicate a failure of the first and a fair agreement with the latter two. In addition, associated fast charged particle multiplicities (where the particles had energies larger than 25 MeV/nucleon) and azimuthal correlations were measured with an 80 counter array of plastic scintillators. It was found that the associated multiplicities were a smooth function of the total kinetic energy of the projectile.