In-plane scattering in titanium-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguides

Abstract
In‐plane scattering in Ti‐indiffused LiNbO3 optical waveguides arises from several possible sources. The importance of the different sources changes as a function of the total diffusion time used in waveguide fabrication. This letter describes detailed observations of different sources and shows that at long diffusion times the in‐plane scattering is dominated by an increasing density of misfit dislocations growing in the waveguiding layer.