Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in catalonia, spain

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Abstract
The influence of hepatitis B virus infection, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking and use of oral contraceptives on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was evaluated in a hospital‐based case‐control study in Catalonia, in the Mediterranean coastal area of north‐eastern Spain. A total of 96 HCC cases (86.5% of them with associated liver cirrhosis) and 190 age‐ and sex‐matched controls were studied. The odds ratio of HCC and 95% confidence interval among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers was 4.9 (1.3‐21.9). The OR was not significantly elevated in smokers, and a marginally significant increased risk was found among users of oral contraceptives based on 6 female cases. There was a significant dose‐response relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of HCC (X2 for trend: 24.3, p < 0.001). Although hepatitis B infection was strongly associated with HCC, alcohol abuse leading to cirrhosis appears to be one of the main causes of HCC in this region.