Reduction of Wind Resistance and Power Output of Racing Cyclists and Runners Travelling in Groups

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Abstract
Wind resistance is responsible for most of the metabolic cost of cycling (80–90%), whereas for runners the effect is much less (4–8%). In groups of cyclists and runners, those behind consume less energy, being partially shielded from the wind. Experimental data are presented showing reduction of group wind resistance and power output for cyclists and runners. For cyclists, external power output was reduced over 30% at racing speeds. For runners, energy consumption decreased only 2–4% at middle and long distance speeds. A method of predicting the speed of groups of cyclists and runners is shown. By travelling in a group, cyclists can increase their speed about 0 9–1.8 m s−1, while runners can improve only about 01 m s−1. The use of pace lines in cycle racing is by far the most important race tactic. In running, systematic use of pacing is not yet fully utilized although the benefits are potentially significant.

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