Genome-wide linkage scan of epilepsy-related photoparoxysmal electroencephalographic response: evidence for linkage on chromosomes 7q32 and 16p13

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Abstract
Photoparoxysmal response (PPR) is an abnormal visual sensitivity of the brain in reaction to intermittent photic stimulation. It is an epilepsy-related electroencephalographic trait with high prevalence in idiopathic epilepsies, especially in common idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs), such as childhood absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. This degree of co-morbidity suggests that PPR may be involved in the predisposition to IGE. The identification of genes for PPR would, therefore, aid the dissection of the genetic basis of IGE. Sixteen PPR-multiplex families were collected to conduct a genome-wide linkage scan using broad (all PPR types) and narrow (exclusion of PPR types I and II and the occipital epilepsy cases) models of affectedness for PPR. We found an empirical genome-wide significance for parametric (HLOD) and non-parametric (NPL) linkage ( Pgw(HLOD) =0.004 and Pgw(NPL) =0.01) for two respective chromosomal regions, 7q32 at D7S1804 (HLOD=3.47 with α=1, PNPL =3.39×10 −5 ) and 16p13 at D16S3395 (HLOD=2.44 with α=1, PNPL =7.91×10 −5 ). These two genomic regions contain genes that are important for the neuromodulation of cortical dynamics and may represent good targets for candidate-gene studies. Our study identified two susceptibility loci for PPR, which may be related to the underlying myoclonic epilepsy phenotype present in the families studied.