The effect of shade on flowering of Piceaglauca

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Abstract
Differences in fecundity and tree size of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) were observed within a mixed Picea plantation differentially shaded by a hardwood stand. To relate environmental factors to tree height and fecundity, the plantation was divided into four regions based on the time of the day each region first received direct solar radiation. Thirty percent of the white spruce in the most shaded and 76% in the sunniest region flowered. Photon flux density, spectral quality, and ambient temperature were measured throughout the plantation. Trees in the most shaded region were significantly shorter and received 18% less photosynthetically active radiation than trees in the sunniest region. Photon flux density within the plantation best explained differences in fecundity and tree size.