Accumulation of Aluminum in a Nondialyzed Uremic Child Receiving Aluminum Hydroxide

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Abstract
A child with renal insufficiency was treated with the oral phosphate binder aluminum hydroxide from age 6 to 31 months. The prescribed dose of elemental aluminum varied from 31 to 108 mg/kg/d. Concurrently the patient developed vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia which failed to improve with parathyroidectomy. Encephalopathy with myoclonic seizures, loss of speech, and motor impairment also occurred. Serum and bone aluminum levels were elevated at 334 µg/L (normal 7 ± 3 µg/L) and 156 mg/kg (normal 3.3 ± 2.9 mg/kg), respectively. This case demonstrates that aluminum may accumulate in tissue of children receiving oral aluminum hydroxide. The accumulation of aluminum may have contributed to the vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia and the encephaiopathy in this patient. Children receiving aluminum-containing antacids as phosphate binders should be monitored for aluminum accumulation and signs of aluminum intoxication.
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