Residual Toxicity Following Dilute or Low-Volume Applications of Insecticides Used for Control of California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) to Four Beneficial Species in a Citrus Agroecosystem

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Abstract
Impact of field-weathered residues of four pesticides (carbonyl, chlorpyrifos, mediation, and parathion) applied as either low-volume or dilute treatments was evaluated for four beneficial species (Phylis felines detach, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Multan, Eugenius stipulates Athias-Henriot, and Metaphycus hellholes (Compeer)). Chemical assays indicated generally rapid dissipation of materials (9- to 150- fold decrease in 7 d). In general, low-volume applications resulted in greater pesticide residue levels and greater natural enemy mortality than did dilute treatments. Of the four species evaluated, C. montrouzieri was the least affected by residues; only carbonyl caused high initial mortality. For the remaining three species, mortality dropped below 50% after 3 d for dilute treatments and after 3-27 d for low-volume applications.