Maintenance of Serotonin in the Intestinal Mucosa and Ganglia of Mice that Lack the High-Affinity Serotonin Transporter: Abnormal Intestinal Motility and the Expression of Cation Transporters

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Abstract
The enteric serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) has been proposed to play a critical role in serotonergic neurotransmission and in the initiation of peristaltic and secretory reflexes. We analyzed potential compensatory mechanisms and enteric function in the bowels of mice with a targeted deletion of SERT. The guts of these animals were found to lack mRNA encoding SERT; moreover, high-affinity uptake of 5-HT into epithelial cells, mast cells, and enteric neurons was present in the SERT +/+ bowel but absent in the SERT −/− bowel. However, both the SERT +/+ gut and the −/− gut expressed molecules capable of transporting 5-HT, but with affinities and selectivity much lower than those of SERT. These included the dopamine transporter (DAT) and polyspecific organic cation transporters OCT-1 and OCT-3. DAT and OCT immunoreactivities were present in both the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, and the OCTs were also located in the mucosal epithelium. 5-HT was found in all of its normal sites in the SERT −/− bowel, which contained mRNA encoding tryptophan hydroxylase, but no 5-HT was present in the blood of SERT −/− animals. Stool water and colon motility were increased in most SERT −/− animals; however, the increase in motility (diarrhea) occasionally alternated irregularly with decreased motility (constipation). The watery diarrhea is probably attributable to the potentiation of serotonergic signaling in SERT −/− mice, whereas the transient constipation may be caused by episodes of enhanced 5-HT release leading to 5-HT receptor desensitization.