Interactions between DNA viruses, ND10 and the DNA damage response

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Abstract
ND10 are small nuclear substructures that are defined by the presence the promyelocytic leukaemia protein PML. Many other proteins have been detected within ND10, a complexity that is reflected in reports of their involvement in multiple cellular pathways that include the regulation of gene expression, chromatin dynamics, protein modification, apoptosis, p53 function, senescence, DNA repair, the interferon response and viral infection. This review summarizes recent evidence of similarities between the behaviour of ND10 components and DNA repair pathway proteins in response to viral infection and DNA damage. ND10 structures become associated with the parental genomes and early replication compartments of many DNA viruses, and DNA repair pathway proteins are also recruited to these sites. Similarly, PML and DNA repair proteins are recruited to sites of DNA damage. The mechanisms by which these events might occur, and the implications for ND10 function in DNA virus infection and chromatin metabolism, are discussed.