Abstract
A versatile four-electrode single-channel system is described which is useful for precise research measurements of mirror patterns on the intact human subject, and the theoretic significance of results obtained on normal subjects for the QRS complex is presented in detail. It is concluded that the QRS complex at all points on the body of normal human subjects, including the precordium, can be considered to arise from a fixed-location equivalent heart dipole to an average accuracy of 5 per cent. Therefore, the "proximity" potential concept is untenable for the normal QRS complex.