Reclassification of Pasteurella gallinarum, [Haemophilus] paragallinarum, Pasteurella avium and Pasteurella volantium as Avibacterium gallinarum gen. nov., comb. nov., Avibacterium paragallinarum comb. nov., Avibacterium avium comb. nov. and Avibacterium volantium comb. nov.

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Abstract
This paper describes a phenotypic and genotypic investigation of the taxonomy of [Haemophilus]paragallinarum,Pasteurella gallinarum,Pasteurella aviumandPasteurella volantium, a major subcluster within the avian 16S rRNA cluster 18 of the familyPasteurellaceae. An extended phenotypic characterization was performed of the type strain of [Haemophilus]paragallinarum, which is NAD-dependent, and eight NAD-independent strains of [Haemophilus]paragallinarum. Complete 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained for one NAD-independent and four NAD-dependent [Haemophilus]paragallinarumstrains. These five sequences along with existing 16S rRNA gene sequences for 11 other taxa within avian 16S rRNA cluster 18 as well as seven other taxa from thePasteurellaceaewere subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The analysis demonstrated that [Haemophilus]paragallinarum,Pasteurella gallinarum,Pasteurella aviumandPasteurella volantiumformed a monophyletic group with a minimum of 96·8 % sequence similarity. This group can also be separated by phenotypic testing from all other recognized and named taxa within thePasteurellaceae. As both genotypic and phenotypic testing support the separate and distinct nature of this subcluster, the transfer is proposed ofPasteurella gallinarum, [Haemophilus]paragallinarum,Pasteurella aviumandPasteurella volantiumto a new genusAvibacteriumasAvibacterium gallinarumgen. nov., comb. nov.,Avibacterium paragallinarumcomb. nov.,Avibacterium aviumcomb. nov. andAvibacterium volantiumcomb. nov. The type strains are NCTC 1118T(Avibacterium gallinarum), NCTC 11296T(Avibacterium paragallinarum), NCTC 11297T(Avibacterium avium) and NCTC 3438T(Avibacterium volantium). Key characteristics that separate these four species are catalase activity (absent only inAvibacterium paragallinarum) and production of acid from galactose (negative only inAvibacterium paragallinarum), maltose (negative only inAvibacterium avium) and mannitol (negative inAvibacterium gallinarumandAvibacterium avium).

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