Scrotal Ultrasound in the Infertile Man: Detection of Subclinical Unilateral and Bilateral Varicoceles

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Abstract
Clinical and laboratory studies have provided convincing evidence that varicoceles are detrimental to spermatogenesis and that this effect is unrelated to their size. Thus, physicians have used diagnostic techniques other than physical examination to find these small but clinically significant varicoceles. Because scrotal sonography has proved to be invaluable to detect many intrascrotal abnormalities, and has the unique ability to visualize the testicle and surrounding structures, we used it to evaluate 50 infertile men. Of our 50 patients 22 had a clinically palpable left varicocele and 3 additional patients had bilateral varicoceles. All clinical varicoceles were confirmed by sonography. However, sonography also demonstrated a left varicocele in an additional 12 patients (34 of 50 or 68 percent) and a right varicocele in 21 (a total of 24 or 48 percent). Reflux on the right side always occurred in conjunction with that on the left side. Thus, among our 50 infertile men 24 of 34 (70 percent) had bilateral varicoceles as detected by sonography, and 12 of 50 (24 percent) had a subclinical varicocele on the left side. The high percentage of bilateral varicoceles detected by sonography may explain the pathophysiological mechanism by which what formerly was considered a unilateral anatomical abnormality may produce bilateral testicular dysfunction. It also may challenge us to change our present unilateral surgical approach to the patient with a clinically evident left varicocele.