Comparison of Hemodynamic, Electrocardiographic, Mechanical, and Metabolic Indicators of Intraoperative Myocardial Ischemia in Vascular Surgical Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

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Abstract
To compare mechanical, electrocardiographic, and metabolic indices of myocardial ischemia, the cardiokymogram (CKG), the V5 ECG, left anterior descending coronary artery territory lactate extraction, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) were measured in 53 vascular surgical patients with coronary artery disease. Measurements were performed preoperatively and at four specific intraanesthetic intervals: after tracheal intubation, before surgery, and 10 and 30 min after incision. Measurements and sampling sequence took 5-7 min, and therapy for the probable cause of ischemia was instituted following completion of this sequence. Myocardial ischemia was defined as type II or III CKG, 0.1 mV or greater horizontal or downsloping depression of V5 ECG ST segment, 0.2 mV or greater elevation of V5 ECG ST segments, or myocardial lactate production. Thirty-nine patients (74%) had a total of 89 episodes of myocardial ischemia. Seventy-four episodes (83%) were detected by the CKG, 31 (44%) were evident on the ECG, and 13 (15%) by evidence of lactate production. The concordance among the indices of myocardial ischemia was poor. Patients with an abnormal preoperative ECG experienced a greater number of ischemic episodes (P < 0.001). Elevation of PCWP or the presence of A-C or V-waves greater than 5 mmHg above the mean did not individually reflect ischemia reliably. Intraoperative myocardial ischemia by ventricular wall motion abnormality.