Evolution of the Interface and Metal Film Morphology in the Vapor Deposition of Ti on Hexadecanethiolate Hydrocarbon Monolayers on Au

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Abstract
The combination of in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared reflection spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to probe the nature of the evolving interface chemistry and metal morphology arising from Ti vapor deposition onto the surface of a CH(3)(CH(2))(15)S/Au{111} self-assembled monolayer (SAM) at ambient temperature. The results show that for a deposition rate of approximately 0.15 Ti atom.nm(-2).s(-1) a highly nonuniform Ti overlayer is produced via a process in which a large fraction of impinging Ti atoms do not stick to the bare SAM surface. The adsorbed atoms form isolated Ti clusters and react with CH(3) groups to form carbide products at the cluster-SAM interfaces. Further growth of Ti clusters appears to be concentrated at these scattered reaction centers. The SAM molecules in the local vicinity are subsequently degraded to inorganic products, progressing deeper into the monolayer as the deposition proceeds to give an inorganic/organic nanocomposite. A continuous overlayer does not form until metal coverage approaches approximately 50 Ti atoms per SAM molecule. These data indicate that for applications such as molecular device contacts the use of Ti may be highly problematic, suffering from both a highly nonuniform contact area and the presence of extensive inorganic products such as nonstoichiometric carbides and hydrides.