Immunosuppression in Organ Transplantation

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Abstract
The search for effective and safe methods of suppressing the immune response has been evolving over four decades. Progress has been marked by many disappointments and a few forward leaps. Clinical organ transplantation has served as the proving ground for many of these advances, beginning in the early 1950s, shortly after a working model of the artificial kidney provided for the short-term maintenance of life in patients with end-stage renal disease. The first attempts to suppress the rejection response, with whole-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation, were unsuccessful. Since then, there have been two main avenues of approach to the . . .