Ponderomotive force in a warm two-fluid plasma

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Abstract
A general expression for the ponderomotive force of electromagnetic field with slowly varying amplitude in a warm plasma is obtained in the collisionless two‐fluid model. Compared to the existing expression obtained for a cold and stationary plasma, this result contains two additional terms for the general case. One of them is involved with the density gradient and the wavenumber derivative of the dielectric tensor of a plasma. Thus, for an inhomogeneous plasma, it accounts for the effects of spatial dispersion, hence of finite temperature of the plasma. The other term is proportional to the time derivative of the density and the frequency derivative of the dielectric tensor, and is nonzero unless the plasma is stationary or nondispersive. Inclusion of these new terms in the ponderomotive force will enable self‐consistent analysis of the general behavior of nonlinear waves with finite wavelengths in a warm plasma.

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