Development of species identification in ducklings: VIII. Embryonic versus postnatal critical period for the maintenance of species-typical perception.

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Abstract
It was previously documented that the domestic mallard duck embryo must be exposed to its embryonic contact-contentment call at a repetition rate of 4 notes/s for the neonate to manifest the species-typical preference for the species maternal call at its normal rate (3.7 notes/s) after hatching. Whether the exposure to the contact call must occur in the late embryonic period to be effective was studied. Exposure for as little as 5 min/h for 24 h was sufficient for normal perceptual development and such stimulation could occur either before or after hatching, provided that a 48-h consolidation period intervened between the end of stimulation and testing.

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