Respiratory impedance measured with head generator to minimize upper airway shunt

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Abstract
A new method for measuring total respiratory input impedance (Zrs), which ensures minimal motion of extrathoracic airway walls, was tested over frequencies of 4-30 Hz in 14 normal subjects and 10 patients with airway obstruction. It consists of applying pressure variations around the head, rather than at the mouth, so that transmural pressure across upper airway walls is equal to the small pressure drop across the pneumotachograph. Compared with reference Zrs values obtained by directly measuring airway wall motion with a head plethysmograph and correcting the data for it, the investigated method provided similar values for respiratory resistance at all frequencies (30 Hz, 3.67 .+-. 2.24 cm H2O .cntdot. l-1 .cntdot. s compared with 3.55 .+-. 2.00) but slightly overestimated respiratory reactance at the largest frequencies (30 Hz, 2.82 .+-. 1.28 cm H2O .cntdot. l-1 .cntdot. s compared with 2.52 .+-. 1.22, P < 0.01). In contrast, when the data were not corrected for airway wall motion, resistance was largely underestimated, especially in patients (-48% at 30 Hz, P < 0.001), and the reactance-frequency curve was shifted to the right. The investigated method is almost as accurate as the reference method, provides equally reproducible data, and is much simpler.