Isozyme variation and species relationships in the genus Lolium L. (ryegrasses, Graminaceae)

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Abstract
Thirty-two natural populations belonging to the eight species of the genus Lolium (ryegrass) or to Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue) were recorded for allelic frequencies at 13 isozyme loci. Cultivated ryegrass (L. perenne and L. multiflorum), meadow fescue, and the annual L. rigidum, are true outbreeders. The other species are true inbreeders, except for L. canariense, which shows a moderate level of cross fertilisation (20%). Hierarchical clustering from Nei's unbiased distance leads to four groups. The three self-pollinating, weed species, L. temulentum, L. remotum and L. persicum, belong to the first cluster, which is the most differentiated one. The second cluster comprises L. multiflorum, L. subulatum and most populations of L. rigidum. All L. perenne populations belong to the third cluster, as do two of L. rigidum. The average genetic distance within the L. perenne group is very low. Surprisingly, the fourth cluster groups together L. canariense and Festuca pratensis. The data suggest that L. rigidum is the species with the greatest diversity, and could be a common ancestor of the genus. Knowledge of historical processes of domestication could help to calibrate the molecular clock.