Differential Response to Na + Channel Blockade, β-Adrenergic Stimulation, and Rapid Pacing in a Cellular Model Mimicking the SCN5A and HERG Defects Present in the Long-QT Syndrome

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Abstract
The long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is a hereditary disorder characterized by an abnormally prolonged QT interval and by life-threatening arrhythmias. Recently, two of the genes responsible for LQTS have been identified: SCN5A, a voltage-dependent Na+ channel on chromosome 3 (LQT3), and HERG, responsible for the rapid component of the delayed rectifier current (IKr), on chromosome 7 (LQT2). We developed an in vitro model to attempt reproduction of the expected alterations in LQT3 and LQT2 patients. Guinea pig ventricular myocytes were exposed to anthopleura toxin A (anthopleurin), an inhibitor of the inactivation of the Na+ current, and to dofetilide, a selective blocker of IKr. Both interventions significantly prolonged action potential duration (APD), by 54±13 and 62±16 ms, respectively. Cells pretreated with anthopleurin significantly shortened APD in response to mexiletine, isoproterenol, and rapid pacing (from 264±38 to 226±32 ms after mexiletine, P<.001). On the contrary, cells exposed to dofetilide did not shorten the APD after mexiletine and even prolonged it after initial exposure to isoproterenol (from 280±25 to 313±20 ms, P<.001); during rapid pacing, APD was shortened but less (38±9 versus 60±11 ms, P<.05) than in anthopleurin-treated cells. This study shows that a cellular model for LQTS, based on the recent advances in molecular genetics, can provide adequate “phenotypes” of prolonged repolarization amenable to the testing of interventions of potential clinical relevance. We found differential responses to Na+ channel blockade, to β-adrenergic stimulation, and to rapid pacing according to specific pretreatment with either anthopleurin (to mimic LQT3) or dofetilide (to mimic LQT2). These different responses in myocytes bear striking similarities with the differential response to analogous interventions in LQTS patients with mutations on the SCN5A and HERG genes.