Methods in health services research: Interpreting the evidence: choosing between randomised and non-randomised studies

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Abstract
This is the first of four articles Evaluations of healthcare interventions can either randomise subjects to comparison groups, or not. In both designs there are potential threats to validity, which can be external (the extent to which they are generalisable to all potential recipients) or internal (whether differences in observed effects can be attributed to differences in the intervention). Randomisation should ensure that comparison groups of sufficient size differ only in their exposure to the intervention concerned. However, some investigators have argued that randomised controlled trials (RCTs) tend to exclude, consciously or otherwise, some types of patient to whom results will subsequently be applied Furthermore, in unblinded trials the outcome of treatment may be influenced by practitioners' and patients' preferences for one or other intervention. Though non-randomised studies are less selective in terms of recruitment, they are subject to selection bias in allocation if treatment is related to initial prognosis. #### Summary points Treatment effects obtained from randomised and non-randomised studies may differ, but one method does not give a consistently greater effect than the other Treatment effects measured in each type of study best approximate when the exclusion criteria are the same and where potential prognostic factors are well understood and controlled for in the non-randomised studies Subjects excluded from randomised controlled trials tend to have a worse prognosis than those included, and this limits generalisability Subjects participating in randomised controlled trials evaluating treatment of existing conditions tend to be less affluent, educated, and healthy than those who do not; the opposite is true for trials of preventive interventions View this table: Threats to validity of evaluative research and possible solutions These issues have led to extensive debate, although empirical evidence is limited. This paper is a brief summary of a more detailed review1 of the impact of these potential threats. The review focused …

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