Photooxidative stress stimulates illegitimate recombination and mutability in carotenoid-less mutants of Rubrivivax gelatinosus

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Abstract
Carotenoids are essential to protection against photooxidative damage in photosynthetic and non‐photosynthetic organisms. In a previous study, we reported the disruption of crtD and crtC carotenoid genes in the purple bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus, resulting in mutants that synthesized carotenoid intermediates. Here, carotenoid‐less mutants have been constructed by disruption of the crtB gene. To study the biological role of carotenoids in photoprotection, the wild‐type and the three carotenoid mutants were grown under different conditions. When exposed to photooxidative stress, only the carotenoid‐less strains (crtB−) gave rise with a high frequency to four classes of mutants. In the first class, carotenoid biosynthesis was partially restored. The second class corresponded to photosynthetic‐deficient mutants. The third class corresponded to mutants in which the LHI antenna level was decreased. In the fourth class, synthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus was inhibited only in aerobiosis. Molecular analyses indicated that the oxidative stress induced mutations and illegitimate recombination. Illegitimate recombination events produced either functional or non‐functional chimeric genes. The R.gelatinosus crtB− strain could be very useful for studies of the SOS response and of illegitimate recombination induced by oxidants in bacteria.