In vitro transformation of chondroprogenitor cells into osteoblasts and the formation of new membrane bone

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Abstract
Mandibular condyles of fetal mice 19 to 20 days in utero were kept in an organ culture system for up to 10 days. After 2 days in culture the cartilage of the mandibular condyle appeared to have maintained all its inherent structural characteristics, including its various cell layers: chondroprogenent structural characteristics, including its various cell layers: chondroprogenitor, chondroblastic, and hypertrophic. After 5 days in culture no chondroblasts could be seen and, instead, the entire cartilage was occupied by hypertrophic chondrocytes. At the same time, the mesenchymal cells at the chondroprogenitor zone differentiated into osteoblasts which produced osteoid. Light microscopic examinations showed that the newly formed osteoid did not stain with acidic toluidine blue or with alcian blue, but stained intensively with the van Gieson stain and with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). The osteoid reacted with antibodies against type I collagen but not with antibodies against type II collagen. Electron microscopic examinations showed that the mineralization appeared to be associated with collagen fibers in bone rather than with matrix vesicles in the cartilage. The process of bone formation progressed with time and by the 10th day new bone replaced almost the entire cartilage, thus forming an expanded layer of membrane bone. This in vitro system represents an experimental model whereby undifferentiated precursor cells transform into osteoblasts with the subsequent formation of a typical membrane bone.