A reflexion electron microscope

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Abstract
The design, construction and performance are described of an apparatus specially built for microscopy of solid surfaces which are illuminated by an electron beam at grazing incidence. General requirements of design are discussed as well as practical details. Special features are: a continuously variable tilt of the illuminating system from 0 to 10°; an object stage possessing several degrees of freedom; and an objective lens of long working distance which allows specimens to be examined of a size usual in metallurgy, and permits them to be subjected to heat or other treatment, since they are outside the lens pole piece. The magnification is continuously variable from ×500 to ×10 000. Electron diffraction patterns can also be obtained without changing the position of the specimen; the lens system is designed so as to minimize the distortion, rotation and chromatic errors in diffraction patterns. Typical micrographs are shown of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and difficulties in the interpretation of reflexion pictures are briefly discussed.