Optical waveguides in LiNbO3 formed by ion implantation of helium

Abstract
The paper reports the formation of optical waveguides in LiNbO3 by the implantation of helium ions. The ion beam damage defines the low‐index regions which surround the waveguide. The computed index profile and the observed modes are in agreement. Changes in n0 of up to 7% are recorded as a saturation index change.