Comparison of empirical models depicting density of Amaranthus retroflexus L. and relative leaf area as predictors of yield loss in maize (Zea mays L.)

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Abstract
Summary: The outcome of crop‐weed competition should be predicted as early as possible in order to allow time for weed control measures. Maize grain yield losses caused by interference from Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) were determined in 1991 and 1992. The performance of three empirical models of crop‐weed competition were evaluated. Damage functions were calculated based on the weed density or relative leaf area of the weed. In the yield loss‐weed density model, values of I (percentage yield loss at low weed density) were relatively stable for similar emergence dates of A. retroflexus across years and locations. Estimated maximum yield loss (A) was more variable between locations and may reflect environmental variation and its effect on crop‐weed competition, at least in 1991. The two‐parameter yield loss‐relative leaf area model, based on m (maximum yield loss caused by weeds) and q (the relative damage coefficient) gave a better fit than the single‐parameter version of the model (which includes only q). In both relative leaf area models, the values of q varied between years and locations. Attempts to stabilize the value of q by using the relative growth rate of the leaves of the crop and weed were successful; however, the practical application of such relative leaf area models may still be limited owing to the lack of a method to estimate leaf area index quickly and accurately.