Tolerance to morphine analgesia is reduced by the novel addition or omission of an alcohol cue

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Abstract
A recent study demonstrated that ethanol tolerance was reduced by the presentation of a novel extraneous stimulus at the time of test. In Pavlovian terms, this phenomenon is known as external inhibition. The present study sought to determine whether a drug cue could act as an external inhibitor of tolerance. Theoretically, either the occurrence of an unexpected stimulus or the nonoccurrence of an expected one can operate to disrupt already established conditioned responses. This prediction was assessed in the present study by the novel presentation or the novel omission of a drug cue at test. Two groups of rats were made completely tolerant to the analgesic effects of morphine. During tolerance acquisition the groups were treated identically except that one group always received a dose of alcohol 15 min following morphine. At test, animals experienced either the novel introduction or the novel omission of the alcohol cue. Both manipulations led to a reduction of morphine analgesia. Beyond their theoretical importance, these results have clinical implications in view of the frequency of multiple concurrent drug abuse.