Decreased Cell Wall Digestibility in Canola Transformed with Chimeric Tyrosine Decarboxylase Genes from Opium Poppy1

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Abstract
Tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC) is a common plant enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of numerous secondary metabolites, including hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Although a definite function has not yet been determined, amides have been proposed to form a physical barrier against pathogens because they are usually found as integral cell wall components. Canola (Brassica napus) was independently transformed with chimeric genes (35S::TYDC1 and35S::TYDC2) under the transcriptional control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and encoding two TYDC isoforms from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). All T0 plants displayed a suppressed level of wild-type TYDC activity, and transgene mRNAs were not detected. Silencing of 35S::TYDC1 was overcome in the T1 progeny of self-pollinated T0 plants, since high levels of TYDC1 mRNAs were detected, and TYDC activity increased up to 4-fold compared with wild-type levels. However, TYDC1 mRNA levels decreased in T2 plants and were not detected in the T3 progeny. TYDC activity also gradually declined in T2 and T3 plants to nearly wild-type levels. In contrast, silencing of 35S::TYDC2 was maintained through four consecutive generations. T1 plants with a 3- to 4-fold increase in wild-type TYDC activity showed a 30% decrease in cellular tyrosine pools and a 2-fold increase in cell wall-bound tyramine compared with wild-type plants. An increase in cell wall-bound aromatic compounds was also detected in these T1plants by ultraviolet autofluorescence microscopy. The relative digestibility of cell walls measured by protoplast release efficiency was inversely related to the level of TYDC activity.