PtdIns(5)P activates the host cell PI3-kinase/Akt pathway during Shigella flexneri infection

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Abstract
The virulence factor IpgD, delivered into nonphagocytic cells by the type III secretion system of the pathogen Shigella flexneri , is a phosphoinositide 4‐phosphatase generating phosphatidylinositol 5 monophosphate (PtdIns(5)P). We show that PtdIns(5)P is rapidly produced and concentrated at the entry foci of the bacteria, where it colocalises with phosphorylated Akt during the first steps of infection. Moreover, S. flexneri ‐induced phosphorylation of host cell Akt and its targets specifically requires IpgD. Ectopic expression of IpgD in various cell types, but not of its inactive mutant, or addition of short‐chain penetrating PtdIns(5)P is sufficient to induce Akt phosphorylation. Conversely, sequestration of PtdIns(5)P or reduction of its level strongly decreases Akt phosphorylation in infected cells or in IpgD‐expressing cells. Accordingly, IpgD and PtdIns(5)P production specifically activates a class IA PI 3‐kinase via a mechanism involving tyrosine phosphorylations. Thus, S. flexneri parasitism is shedding light onto a new mechanism of PI 3‐kinase/Akt activation via PtdIns(5)P production that plays an important role in host cell responses such as survival.