Insect Toxins and Venoms

Abstract
This review with 120 references includes the following topics: Venoms in relation to bites and stings; Urticating (stinging) hairs and spines; Properties of venoms and their physiological effects; Invertebrate responses to venoms having general toxicity; Vertebrate responses to venoms having general toxicity; Bee and wasp venoms; Allergic reactions.