Mechanism of the Ullmann Condensation. I. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies
- 1 June 1970
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan
- Vol. 43 (6) , 1763-1768
- https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.43.1763
Abstract
Kinetic studies of the Ullmann condensation of an aryl halide, sodium 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonate and an amine, aniline, were undertaken. Cupric copper was used as the catalyst. The reaction was found to be first order in monomeric aryl halide and first order in amine, and to depend hyperbolically on the concentration of the catalyst. It was shown by ESR measurements that the copper catalyst exists largely as cupric species. The experimental results were discussed mechanistically.Keywords
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