The design and use of a hydraulic potentiomanometer for direct measurement of differences in hydraulic head between groundwater and surface water

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Abstract
The hydraulic potentiomanometer described herein consists of a potentiometer connected to a manometer by a flexible tube. The device is used to directly measure the direction of seepage as well as the hydraulic‐head difference between groundwater and surface water. The device works most effectively in sandy materials. For accurate measurements the device must be free of air leaks.