On the surface coat and flagellar adhesion in trypanosomes

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Abstract
Pathogenic trypanosomes in their bloodstream phase have a smooth and compact coat 12-15 nm thick enveloping the entire surface membrane of the body and flagellum. In the sleeping-sickness trypanosome Trypanosoma rhodesiense this coat is absent from the stages of development in the midgut of the tsetse-fly vector and from their counterparts obtained by cultivation of the trypanosome in vitro. In the salivary glands of the vector, however, the coat is reacquired as the trypanosomes transform from epimastigote forms into the metacyclic stage which is infective to the mammalian host. This loss and acquisition of the surface coat can be correlated with the cyclical changes in net surface charge on the trypanosome which have been observed by other workers. The trypanosome populations of successive relapses in the blood are known to differ in their surface antigens (agglutinogens) and the loss of antigenic identity detected when any of these populations are put into culture indicates that these variable antigens are located in the surface coat. It is suggested that the coat in bloodstream trypanosomes constitutes a replaceable surface which, after being replaced, enables the trypanosome to escape the effects of host antibodies. The coat is therefore an adaptation to life in the bloodstream. Reacquisition of the surface coat by the metacyclic trypanosome after development in the vector may reflect reversion to a ‘basic’ antigenic type at this stage, preparatory to invading the blood of the mammalian host. The surface coat may be removed by the wide-spectrum proteolytic enzyme pronase, and this fact together with evidence from pH/mobility relationships and chemical analysis of the variable antigens suggest that the coat is basically proteinaceous. The coat may facilitate pinocytosis by binding proteins at sites within the pocket surrounding the base of the flagellum. In the non-pathogenic trypanosome T. lewisi a more diffuse filamentous coat is present in bloodstream forms and absent from culture forms. This trypanosome is said to carry a negative charge in both bloodstream and culture phases, so it seems likely that the nature of the coat in T. lewisi is different from that found in the pathogenic trypanosomes. In all these trypanosomes the flagellar membrane adheres to the surface membrane of the body throughout the life-cycle. Along the zone of adhesion lies a regular row of junctional complexes of the macula adherens type which, it is argued, serve in attachment. These attachments persist regardless of changes in the intervening cell surfaces.