A review of mammography test objects for the calibration of resolution, contrast, and exposure

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Abstract
Mandated and voluntary accreditation and quality control programs for mammography require the use of standardized mammography test objects. We evaluated eleven commercially available test objects and three prototype test objects, comparing them with respect to their resolution targets, contrast targets, and the dose they required when imaged by the same automatic exposure meter. Ion chamber and/or thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements of exposure were made with each test object, while attenuation was measured for seven. Measurements of dosage using acrylic (5 test objects) and tissue equivalent epoxy (9 test objects) showed as much as a 400% variation in the radiation supplied by the same automatic exposure device when differences in thicknesses of test objects were normalized. Speck visibility was as dependent on the composition of the specks and of the surrounding material as on the size of the specks. Contrast targets were adequate in only three test objects. Optical density differences between images of a 4-cm-thick breast and of different test object materials, also 4 cm in thickness, exposed to the same radiation, imply that untested acrylic or epoxy resin materials should not be used in the calibration of automatic exposure controls.