Automatic detection of sounds and murmurs in patients with lonescu-Shiley aortic bioprostheses

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Abstract
The problems encountered in the automatic detection of cardiac sounds and murmurs are numerous. The phonocardiogram (PCG) is a complex signal produced by deterministic events such as the opening and closing of the heart valves, and by random phenomena such as blood-flow turbulence. In addition, background noise and the dependence of the PCG on the recording sites render automatic detection a difficult task. In the paper we present an iterative automatic detection algorithm based on the a priori knowledge of spectral and temporal characteristics of the first and second heart sounds, the valve opening clicks, and the systolic and diastolic murmurs. The algorithm uses estimates of the PCG envelope and noise level to identify iteratively the position and duration of the significant acoustic events contained in the PCG. The results indicate that it is particularly effective in detecting the second heart sound and the aortic component of the second heart sound in patients with lonescu-Shiley aortic valve bioprostheses. It has also some potential for the detection of the first heart sound, the systolic murmur and the diastolic murmur.